Flip City Wiki:Laura Secord

Laura Secord (Template:Née; 13 September 1775 – 17 October 1868) was a Canadian woman involved in the War of 1812. She is known for having walked Template:Convert out of American-occupied territory in 1813 to warn British forces of an impending American attack. Her contribution to the war was little known during her lifetime, but since her death she has been frequently honoured in Canada. Though Laura Secord had no relation to it, most Canadians associate her with the Laura Secord Chocolates company, named after her on the centennial of her walk.

Laura Secord's father, Thomas Ingersoll, lived in Massachusetts and fought on the side of the Patriots during the Revolutionary War (1775–1783). In 1795 he moved his family to the Niagara region of Upper Canada after he had applied for and received a land grant. Shortly after, Laura married Loyalist James Secord, who was later seriously wounded at the Battle of Queenston Heights early in the War of 1812. While he was still recovering in 1813, the Americans invaded the Niagara Peninsula, including Queenston. During the occupation, Secord acquired information about a planned American attack, and stole away on the morning of 22 June to inform Lieutenant James FitzGibbon in the territory still controlled by the British.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The information helped the British and their Mohawk allies repel the invading Americans at the Battle of Beaver Dams. Her effort was forgotten until 1860, when Edward, Prince of Wales, awarded the impoverished widow £100 (£12,955.64 in 2022) for her service on his visit to Canada.

The story of Laura Secord has taken on mythic overtones in Canada. Her tale has been the subject of books, plays, and poetry, often with many embellishments. Since her death, Canada has bestowed honours on her, including schools named after her, monuments, a museum, a memorial stamp and coin, and a statue at the Valiants Memorial in the Canadian capital.

Personal history

Family history and early life

Her father, Thomas Ingersoll (1749–1812) married seventeen-year-old Elizabeth Dewey on 28 February 1775. Their first child, Laura, was born in Great Barrington in the colonial Province of Massachusetts Bay on 13 September 1775.Template:Sfn Thomas's family had lived in Massachusetts for five generations. His paternal immigrant ancestor was Richard Ingersoll, who had arrived in Salem, Massachusetts, from Bedfordshire, England, in 1629. Thomas was born in 1749 in Westfield, Massachusetts. Elizabeth, daughter of Israel Dewey and his wife,Template:Sfn was also born in Westfield,Template:Sfn on 28 January 1758.Template:Sfnm Thomas moved to Great Barrington in 1774, where he settled into a house on a small piece of land by the Housatonic River. Over the next several years, his success as a hatmaker allowed him to marry, increase his landholdings, and expand his house as his family grew.Template:Sfn He spent much time away from home, as he rose through the ranks in the military on the side of the American revolutionaries during the American Revolutionary War. Upon his return to Great Barrington, he was made a magistrate.Template:Sfn

Elizabeth gave birth to three more girls: Elizabeth Franks on 17 October 1779; Mira (or Myra) in 1781; and Abigail in September 1783.Template:Sfn They gave up Abigail for adoption in 1784 to an aunt with the surname Nash.Template:Sfnm Elizabeth Ingersoll died 20 February 1784.Template:Sfn Thomas remarried the following year to Mercy Smith, widow of Josiah Smith,Template:Sfn on 26 May 1785. Mercy had no children. She has been credited with teaching her stepdaughters to read and do needlework before her death from tuberculosis in 1789. By adolescence, the eldest daughter Laura was caring for her sisters and looking after the household affairs.

Thomas remarried four months after Mercy's death, on 20 September 1789, to Sarah "Sally" Backus, a widow with a daughter, Harriet. The couple had an additional four girls and three boys. The first boy, Charles Fortescue, was born on 27 September 1791.Template:Sfn Charlotte (born 1793) and Appolonia (born 1811)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> were the last members of this branch of the Ingersoll family to be born in Massachusetts.Template:Sfn

Thomas helped suppress Shays' Rebellion in 1786, which earned him the rank of major. In the years following, he witnessed and was offended by the continuing persecution of Loyalists in Massachusetts. He realized that in the depressed economic conditions that followed the Revolutionary War, and with his own deep debts, he was unlikely to see his former prosperity again.Template:Sfn In 1793, Thomas met in New York City with Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, who offered to show him the best land for settlement in Upper Canada, where the Crown was encouraging development. He and four associates travelled to Upper Canada to petition Lieutenant Governor John Simcoe for a land grant. They received Template:Convert in the Thames Valley, and founded Oxford-on-the-Thames (later known as Ingersoll, Ontario), on condition that they populate it with forty other families within seven years. After winding up their affairs in Great Barrington, the Ingersoll family moved to Upper Canada in 1795.Template:Sfn

Upper Canada, marriage and children

Thomas Ingersoll supported his family in their early years in Upper Canada by running a tavern in Queenston while land was being cleared and roads built in the settlement. The family stayed in Queenston until a log cabin was completed on the settlement in 1796. After Governor Simcoe returned to England in 1796, opposition grew in Upper Canada to the "Late Loyalists", such as Thomas, who had come to Canada for the land grants. The grants were greatly reduced, and Thomas's contract was cancelled for not having all of its conditions fulfilled. Feeling cheated, in 1805 he moved the family to Credit River, close to York (present-day Toronto), where he successfully ran an inn until his 1812 death following a stroke. Sally continued to run it until her own death in 1833.Template:Sfnm

Laura Ingersoll remained in Queenston when the family moved. She married the wealthy James Secord, likely in June 1797.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn The Secord family originated in France, where the name was spelled D'Secor or Sicar. Five Secord brothers, who were Protestant Huguenots, fled from persecution in France and founded New Rochelle, New York in 1688. At the time of the American Revolution, Loyalist members of the family anglicized their surname to Secord.Template:Sfn

The Secord couple lived in a house built in [[Niagara-on-the-Lake|Template:Not a typo]], the first floor of which was a shop. Secord gave birth to her first child, Mary, in St. Template:Not a typo in 1799. Mary was followed by Charlotte (1801), Harriet (10 February 1803),Template:Sfn Charles Badeau (1809 – the only male child) and Appolonia (1810).Template:Sfn

War of 1812

James Secord served in the 1st Lincoln MilitiaTemplate:Sfn under Isaac Brock when the War of 1812 broke out. He was among those who helped carry away Brock's body after Brock was killed in the first attack of the Battle of Queenston Heights in October 1812. James himself was severely wounded in the leg and shoulder during the battle. Laura heard of his predicament and rushed to his side. Some sources suggest that she found three American soldiers preparing to beat him to death with their gunstocks. She begged them to save her husband's life, reportedly offering her own in return, when American Captain John E. Wool happened upon the situation and reprimanded the soldiers.Template:Sfnm This story may have been a later embellishmentTemplate:Sfn and may have originated with her grandson, James B. Secord.Template:Sfn When the Secords arrived home, they found that the house had been looted in Laura's absence. Spending the winter in St. Template:Not a typo,Template:Sfn Laura spent the next several months nursing her wounded husband back to health.Template:Sfn

On 27 May 1813, the American army launched an attack across the Niagara River, and captured Fort George.Template:Sfn Queenston and the Niagara area fell to the Americans. Men of military age were sent as prisoners to the U.S., though the still-recuperating James Secord was not among them. That June, a number of U.S. soldiers were billeted at the Secords' home.Template:Sfnm

Secord's walk

Painting of Laura Secord warning British commander James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams

Secord warns British commander James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams. (Lorne Kidd Smith, Template:Circa)

On the evening of 21 June 1813,Template:Sfnm Laura Secord heard of plans for a surprise American attack on Lieutenant James FitzGibbon's British troops at Beaver Dams, which would have furthered American control in the Niagara Peninsula.Template:Sfnm It is unclear how she became aware of these plans. According to tradition she overheard a conversation among the billeted Americans as they ate dinner.Template:Sfn

As her husband was still recovering from his October injuries, Secord set out early the next morning to warn the lieutenant. She reportedly walked Template:Convert from present-day Queenston through St. Template:Not a typo,Template:Efn Homer, Shipman's Corners and Short Hills at the Niagara Escarpment before she arrived at the camp of allied Mohawk warriors, who led her the rest of the way to FitzGibbon's headquarters at the DeCew House. Based on her warning, a small British force and a larger contingent of Mohawk warriors were readied for the American attack. They defeated the Americans, most of whom were casualties or taken prisoner in the Battle of Beaver Dams on 24 June.Template:Sfnm No mention of Secord was made in reports that immediately followed the battle.Template:Sfnm

Post-war years

After the war, with the Secords' Queenston store in ruins,Template:Sfn the family was impoverished. Only James's small war pensionTemplate:Sfn and the rent from 200 acres (81 ha) of land they had in Grantham Township supported them.Template:Sfn

The Secords' sixth child, Laura Anne, was born in October 1815, and their last child, Hannah, was born in 1817. The Secords' eldest daughter Mary wedded a doctor, William Trumball, on 18 April 1816.Template:Sfn On 27 March 1817, Mary gave birth in Ireland to Elizabeth Trumball, the first of Laura and James's grandchildren. Mary had another daughter, also named Mary, in Jamaica. Following her husband's death, Mary returned to Queenston with her children in 1821.Template:Sfn

Painting with Brock's monument standing on the left side in a field, near a stone wall which runs diagonally along the bottom.

Secord was promised a position at Brock's Monument, but the position was given to another woman. (1840 painting by Philip John Bainbrigge)

The struggling James petitioned the government in 1827 for some sort of employment. Lieutenant-Governor Peregrine Maitland did not offer him a position, but offered something to Laura. He asked her to be in charge of the yet-to-be-completed Brock's Monument. At first, she turned it down, but then reluctantly accepted it.Template:Sfn When Brock's Monument opened in 1831,Template:Sfn Secord learned the new Lieutenant-Governor, John Colborne, intended to give the keys to the widow of a member of the monument committee who had died in an accident. On 17 July 1831, Secord petitioned Colborne to honour Maitland's promise, and included another certificate from FitzGibbon attesting her contribution to the war. She wrote that Colonel Thomas Clarke had been told by Maitland, "it was too late to think of [the committee member's widow] Mrs. Nichol as I have pledged my word to Mrs. Secord that as soon as possible she should have the key."Template:Sfn Despite her pleas, Secord did not receive the keys to the monument.Template:Sfn

In 1828, the Secords' daughter, Appolonia, died at 18 of typhus,Template:Sfn and James was appointed registrar of the Niagara Surrogate Court.Template:Sfn He was promoted to judge in 1833,Template:Sfnm and his son Charles Badeau Secord took over the registrar position.Template:Sfn Charles Badeau Secord's first son, Charles Forsyth Secord, was born 9 May 1833. His is the only line of Secords that survived into the 21st century.Template:Sfn

James became a customs collector in 1835 at the port of Chippawa.Template:SfnmTemplate:Efn The position came with a home in Chippawa, into which the family moved. Charles Badeau Secord took over the Queenston home.Template:Sfn Daughter Laura Ann and her son moved into the home in 1837 following her husband's death.Template:Sfn

Later life and death

Photo of a statue of a woman in a long dress and a bonnet.

Statue of Laura Secord at the Valiants Memorial in Ottawa

File:Laura Secord Grave Marker-Drummond Hill Cemetery.jpg

Secord's grave at Drummond Hill Cemetery

James Secord died of a stroke on 22 February 1841.Template:Sfn He was buried, according to his wishes, at Drummond Hill (now in Niagara Falls).Template:Sfn James's death left Laura destitute. When his war pension ended,Template:Sfn she was unable to maintain her land as profitable and sold off much of it.Template:Sfn Governor-General Sydenham denied a 27 February 1841 petition which she sent, seeking to have her son to take over James's customs position.Template:Sfn Sydenham also denied a petition she sent that May for a pension for herself, as James had received a pension for decades.Template:Sfn

Possibly with help from better-off members of the family, Secord moved to a red brick cottage on Water StreetTemplate:Efn in November 1841.Template:Sfn Daughter Harriet and her own two daughters joined her in May 1842, after Harriet's husband died of alcohol poisoning. The three shared quarters with Secord for the rest of her life.Template:Sfn Youngest daughter Hannah also moved in when she was widowed in 1844, and brought two daughters with her.Template:Sfn Though she lacked training, for a short time Laura Secord ran a small school out of the home in an effort to support herself. This venture came to an end when the public common school system was introducedTemplate:Sfn in the 1840s.Template:Sfn

Over the years, the Secords unsuccessfully petitioned the government for some kind of acknowledgement. In 1860, when Secord was 85, the Prince of Wales heard of her story while travelling in Canada. At Chippawa, near Niagara Falls, he learned of Laura Secord's plight as an aging widow and sent an award of £100 (Template:Inflation). It was the only official recognition that she received during her lifetime.Template:Sfn

Laura Secord died in 1868 at the age of 93.Template:Sfn She was interred next to her husband in the Drummond Hill Cemetery in Niagara Falls.Template:Sfn Her grave is marked by a monument with a bust on top, and is close to a monument marking the Battle of Lundy's Lane.Template:Sfn

The inscription on her grave marker reads:

Memory and legend

Her granddaughter described Secord as being Template:Convert with brown eyes and a fair complexion.Template:Sfn James FitzGibbon wrote she was "of slight frame and delicate appearance".Template:Sfnm She was skilled at needlework, dressmaking and cooking.Template:Sfn According to biographer Peggy Dymond Leavey, her many grandchildren enjoyed hearing their grandmother tell stories of her early life,Template:Sfn and her AnglicanTemplate:Sfn faith increased with age.Template:Sfn

In his report of the battle, FitzGibbon stated only that he "received information" about the threat; it is possible he omitted mention of Secord to protect her family during wartime. He first wrote of Secord in a certificate dated 26 February 1820, in support of a petition by her husband for a licence to operate a stone quarry in Queenston.Template:Sfnm In 1827 FitzGibbon wrote:

Painting of Laura Secord led by Mohawk warriors through the woods

Secord led through the woods by Mohawk warriors. (Henry Sandham, Template:Circa)

FitzGibbon wrote in a certificate dated 23 February 1837 that Secord did "acquaint" him with the Americans' intentions, but does not state whether he used the information.Template:Sfn A diary entry of Mohawk chief John Norton talks of "a loyal Inhabitant Template:Interp brought information that the Enemy intended to attack", but does not name the "Inhabitant".Template:Sfn Dominique Ducharme, leader of the Caughnawaga Mohawk in the Battle of Beaver Dams, made no mention of Secord in his reports, nor of receiving information from either Secord or FitzGibbon about the impending American attack.Template:Sfn

Secord wrote two accounts of her walk, the first in 1853,Template:Sfn and the second in 1861.Template:Sfn Neither account contains details that can be corroborated with military accounts of the battle, such as specific dates or details about troops.Template:Sfn Her account changed throughout her life. Historian Pierre Berton noted that she never stated clearly how she learned of the impending attack. She told FitzGibbon that her husband had learned about it from an American officer, but years later told her granddaughter that she had overheard the plans directly from the American soldiers billeted in her home. Berton suggested that Secord's informant could have been an American still residing in the United States, who would have been charged with treason had Secord revealed her source.Template:Sfn In the 1860s, as Secord's story gained prominence, historian William Foster Coffin added new details, which included the claim that Laura had brought a cow with her as an excuse to leave her home in case the American patrols questioned her.Template:Sfn

A number of historians have questioned Secord's account. W. Stewart Wallace, in his 1932 book, The Story of Laura Secord: A Study in Historical Evidence, concluded her story was mostly myth, and that she played no significant role in the outcome of the Battle of Beaver Dams. Historian George Ingram contended in his 1965 book The Story of Laura Secord Revisited that Secord's debunking had been taken too far. Ruth MacKenzie also burnished Secord's reputation with Laura Secord: The Legend and the Lady in 1971.Template:Sfn

The question of Secord's actual contribution to the British success has been contested. In the early 1920s, historians suggested that Native scouts had already informed FitzGibbon of the coming attack well before Secord had arrived on 23 June.Template:Sfn Historian Ernest Cruikshank wrote in 1895 that "Scarcely had Mrs Secord concluded her narrative, when [Ducharme's] scouts came in ... they had encountered the advance guard of the enemy."Template:Sfn Later, two testimonials were found which FitzGibbon wrote in 1820 and 1827, which supported Secord's claim. FitzGibbon asserted that Laura Secord had arrived on 22 June (not 23 June), and that "in consequence of this information", he had been able to intercept the American troops.Template:Sfn

Legacy

A white house in three-quarter perspective. In the foreground are several picnic benches. To the left is a tall tree with a man standing beside it. To the right, partly obsured by the house, is an old well.

Laura Secord Homestead in Queenston (Template:Coord)

According to legend, "it took her approximately 17 hours to travel the distance to warn James FitzGibbon of the impending American attack".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

She has often been depicted as "a lone figure bravely travelling through approximately 30 km of wilderness from her home at Queenston to a British military detachment camped in DeCew House in what is today Thorold, Ontario."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Historian Cecilia Morgan argues that the Secord story became famous in the 1880s when upper-class women sought to strengthen the emotional ties between Canadian women and the British Empire. She writes that they needed a female heroine to validate their claims for women's suffrage.Template:Sfn The first product of their campaign was Sarah Anne Curzon's verse drama Laura Secord: The Heroine of 1812 in 1887. The play was a catalyst for "a deluge of articles and entries on Secord that filled Canadian histories and school textbooks at the turn of the 20th century".Template:Sfn Although critics gave the play negative reviews, it was the first full work devoted to Secord's story and popularized her image.Template:Sfn

Secord has been compared to French-Canadian heroine Madeleine de VerchèresTemplate:Sfnm and to American Revolution hero Paul Revere.Template:Sfn Her story has been retold and commemorated by generations of biographers, playwrights, poets, novelists and journalists.Template:Sfn

An upright stone monument surrounded by a low hedge. In the middle is an upright oval of an elderly woman's face in relief.

Laura Secord Monument in Queenston Heights (Template:Coord)

After discovering a newspaper clipping of the events, early feminist Emma Currie began a lifelong interest in Secord's life. She tracked down information from Laura's relatives as far away as Great Barrington, and published a biographical account in 1900 called The Story of Laura Secord. She later successfully petitioned to have a Secord memorial erected in Queenston Heights.Template:Sfn The cut stoneTemplate:Sfn granite monument stands Template:Convert and was dedicated in 1901.Template:Sfnm In 1905, Secord's portrait was hung in Parliament.Template:Sfn Playwright Merrill Denison wrote a radio play of her story in 1931 which mixed serious history with parody.Template:Sfn

On the centennial of Secord's walk in 1913, and to capitalize on Canadian patriotic feelings, Frank O'Connor founded Laura Secord Chocolates. The chain's first location opened on Yonge and Elm streets in Toronto.Template:Efn The chocolates were packaged in black boxes adorned with a cameo of Secord.Template:Sfnm By the 1970s, the company had become the largest candy retailer in Canada.Template:Sfn Among most Canadians, the name Laura Secord is more strongly associated with the chocolate company than with the historical figure.Template:Sfnm

During the War of 1812, the Secords' Queenston homestead was fired upon and looted. It was restored in the late 20th century and given to the Niagara Parks Commission in 1971.Template:Sfnm It is now operated as a museum and gift shop at Partition and Queen streets in Queenston.Template:Sfn The Laura Secord Legacy Trail covers the 32 kilometer route of the journey she undertook from her homestead in Queenston to DeCew House in Thorold where she delivered her message to Lt. FitzGibbon on 22 June 1813.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Thomas Ingersoll's old home on Main Street in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Laura Secord's birthplace, was used as the town's Free Library from 1896 until 1913. The Mason Library replaced it and was built on the site.Template:Sfn The Great Barrington Historic District Commission made 18 October 1997 Laura Secord Day, and dedicated a plaque in her honour at the site of the Mason Library.Template:Sfn

Laura Secord is the namesake of a number of schools, including Laura Secord Public School (also known as Laura Secord Memorial School,Template:Sfn 1914–2010)Template:Sfn in Queenston, École Laura Secord School in Winnipeg, Manitoba (built 1912),Template:Sfn Laura Secord Secondary School in St. Catharines, Ontario and Laura Secord Elementary School in Vancouver, British Columbia. Beaver Dams Battlefield Park has a plaque dedicated to Secord.Template:Sfn In 1992, Canada Post issued a Laura Secord commemorative stamp.Template:Sfn In 2003, the Minister of Canadian Heritage declared Secord a "Person of National Historical Significance",Template:Sfn and in 2006 Secord's was one of fourteen statues dedicated at the Valiants Memorial in Ottawa.Template:Sfn To commemorate the 200th anniversary of her walk, Secord's image adorned a circulation quarter issued by the Royal Canadian MintTemplate:Efn and a postage stamp from Canada Post.Template:Sfn

See also

• Laura Secord Legacy Trail

References

Works cited

Books

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Journals and magazines

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Web

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Further reading

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External links

• Laura Secord's message to the Prince of Wales, 1860
• Laura Secord Heritage Minute video at Historica Dominion
• "The Story of Laura Secord", Canadian reminiscences by EA Currie (1900)
• Laura Secord monument on Queenston Heights
• Poems about Laura Secord on the Niagara Falls Poetry Project